近日，國務院下發(fā)了《關于進一步深化電力體制改革的若干意見》(以下簡稱新電改方案)，這是繼2002年國務院下發(fā)《電力體制改革方案》、時隔13年之后重新開啟的針對電力行業(yè)的新一輪改革。新電改強調“管住中間、放開兩頭”，其中有序向社會資本放開配售電業(yè)務，成為本輪電改方案的最大亮點，標志著我國一直以來電網(wǎng)公司的傳統(tǒng)盈利模式被打破。受此影響，一些工商業(yè)者盤算著新電改施行之后用電成本下降會為企業(yè)節(jié)省不少成本，而受新電改方案沖擊較大的電網(wǎng)公司，一些中層干部動了心思，有人準備抓住機會下海搏一搏。

　　□方案

　　放開配售電業(yè)務成最大亮點

　　新電改方案概括起來是“三放開、一獨立、三加強”，即：按照“管住中間、放開兩頭”的體制架構，有序放開輸配以外的競爭性環(huán)節(jié)電價、有序向社會資本放開配售電業(yè)務、有序放開公益性和調節(jié)性以外的發(fā)用電計劃，推進交易機構相對獨立、規(guī)范運行，進一步強化政府監(jiān)管、進一步強化電力統(tǒng)籌規(guī)劃、進一步強化電力安全高效運行和可靠供應。

　　國家發(fā)展改革委體改司巡視員王強表示，管住中間是指對具有自然壟斷屬性的輸配電網(wǎng)環(huán)節(jié)加強政府監(jiān)管、實行政府定價，確保電網(wǎng)公平開放、市場公平交易，并更好地實現(xiàn)電網(wǎng)科學規(guī)劃，充分發(fā)揮電網(wǎng)規(guī)模效益、提高管理效率。放開兩頭是指在發(fā)電側和售電側實行市場開放準入，引入競爭，放開用戶選擇權，形成多買多賣的市場格局，價格由市場形成，發(fā)揮市場配置資源的決定性作用。管住中間、放開兩頭的體制構架符合國際電力市場化改革的基本特征，符合我國的基本國情和發(fā)展階段，也是兼顧市場手段和政府作用在電力行業(yè)發(fā)揮功能的最佳方式。

　　外界普遍認為，新電改方案最大的亮點是“三放開”當中的“有序向社會資本放開配售電業(yè)務”，尤其是其中的售電業(yè)務，這是電力行業(yè)的終端環(huán)節(jié)，也是與廣大用電者、用電市場聯(lián)系最為緊密的環(huán)節(jié)，當然也是各方利益盤根錯節(jié)、難度頗大的一環(huán)。此外，新電改方案界定了發(fā)電、輸電、配電、售電四個環(huán)節(jié)的性質，尤其是對輸電環(huán)節(jié)也就是電網(wǎng)企業(yè)的性質界定，這是所謂的“管住中間”，也值得期待。

　　□樣本

　　深圳成電改首個試點

　　今年1月，深圳正式啟動電改試點工作，為全國首個試點城市。試點工作的一個關鍵是對輸配電電價成本進行厘清，也就是明確哪些是真正的電力成本，對電網(wǎng)線路、變電設備及其他輸配電業(yè)務進行成本核算，算出一個“合理”的電價。

　　根據(jù)深圳電改的初步估算，未來三年深圳輸配電電價每度將下降1分多錢，未來三年電網(wǎng)公司在深圳將累計減少收益24億元。而最新的消息是，深圳方面正在組建民營售電主體，要參與到新電改方案的售電市場開放改革中，這意味著深圳終端電價還有可能進一步下降。

　　實際上電力系統(tǒng)改革的一個難點就在于輸配電電價成本核算，這被外界稱為是一個暗箱地帶，電網(wǎng)公司不愿說清楚，某種程度上也確實說不清楚。因為輸配電電價存在著大量的交叉補貼，難以厘清。

　　簡單點說，工商業(yè)用電戶一般都比較集中，電壓等級也高，這對于電網(wǎng)公司來說電網(wǎng)線路鋪設省力、降壓也容易、電力傳輸損耗也少，所以供電成本就低。而居民用電分布分散，尤其是一些農村，可能要專門鋪設電網(wǎng)線路，而且居民用電電壓等級最低，所以供電成本就很高。所以如果完全由市場決定的話，工商業(yè)電價應該便宜，居民電價則貴，但是我們的做法是工商業(yè)電價高，以此通過政府統(tǒng)籌調節(jié)來補貼居民用電，這中間就存在著大量的交叉補貼，比如工商業(yè)用電對城市居民用電的反哺、城市電網(wǎng)對農村電網(wǎng)的反哺等。

　　深圳成為電改試點就在于其經(jīng)濟高度發(fā)達、城市化程度領先，在深圳幾乎不存在農村電網(wǎng)，交叉補貼較少，容易厘清輸配電電價。此外深圳市供電局三年前從廣東電網(wǎng)獨立出來，成為南方電網(wǎng)的直屬子公司，擁有較多的自主權,鋒速達玻璃鋼屋頂風機得到了客戶好評，而深圳市政府方面也有電改的內在動力，希望通過降低電價給區(qū)域內的企業(yè)降低成本。這種種因素促成了深圳電改試點的快速推進，深圳也成為電改掣肘較少，比較容易的地方。

　　但是同時，深圳電改經(jīng)驗能否向其他地方推廣普及，有沒有廣泛的借鑒意義也成為外界關心的焦點。華北電力大學教授曾鳴表示，深圳電改試點相對來說比較容易，但是要推廣到其他地區(qū)肯定就不那么容易，需要一個漫長的過程，不過總體來看深圳的探索和取得的經(jīng)驗都是很有價值的。

　　□解讀

　　電改探因電力行業(yè)發(fā)展面臨矛盾和問題

　　2002年的《電力體制改革方案》決定對電力工業(yè)實施市場化改革，提出“廠網(wǎng)分開、競價上網(wǎng)、打破壟斷、引入競爭”四步走的思路，隨后把國家電力公司拆分為國家電網(wǎng)和南方電網(wǎng)兩家電網(wǎng)公司，中國華能、大唐、華電、中國國電和中國電力投資集團公司5家發(fā)電集團，以及4家輔業(yè)集團公司。經(jīng)過13年的改革歷程，電力行業(yè)破除了獨家辦電的體制束縛，初步形成了電力市場主體多元化競爭格局。

　　新電改方案對十三年前的電改進行了肯定，認為自2002年電力體制改革實施以來，電價形成機制逐步完善，在發(fā)電環(huán)節(jié)實行了發(fā)電上網(wǎng)標桿電價，在輸配環(huán)節(jié)初步核定了大部分省份的輸配電價，在銷售環(huán)節(jié)相繼出臺差別電價和懲罰性電價、居民階梯電價等政策。

　　與此同時，電力行業(yè)發(fā)展還面臨一些矛盾和問題。其中，交易機制缺失、市場化定價機制尚未完全形成等問題仍然突出，造成了市場配置資源的決定性作用難以發(fā)揮，節(jié)能高效環(huán)保機組不能充分利用，棄水、棄風、棄光現(xiàn)象時有發(fā)生。此外，現(xiàn)行電價管理仍以政府定價為主，電價調整往往滯后于成本變化，難以及時并合理反映用電成本、市場供求狀況、資源稀缺程度和環(huán)境保護支出。因此，推進電力體制改革已迫在眉睫、刻不容緩。

　　2002年的《電力體制改革方案》中，除了第一步“廠網(wǎng)分開”由于拆分而迅速實現(xiàn)之外，后三步基本屬于原地踏步。外界把上一輪電改陷入停滯的原因指向了兩家電網(wǎng)公司，因為在發(fā)電、輸電、配電和售電四個主要環(huán)節(jié)中，電網(wǎng)公司包攬了后三個，形成了巨頭壟斷。

　　國家能源局副局長王禹民此前接受媒體采訪時表示，此次電力體制改革的重點就是要解決五個問題：一是要還原電力商品屬性，形成由市場決定電價的機制，以價格信號引導資源有效開發(fā)和合理利用。二是要構建電力市場體系，促進電力資源在更大范圍內優(yōu)化配置。三是要支持清潔能源發(fā)展，促進能源結構優(yōu)化。四是要逐步打破壟斷，有序放開競爭性業(yè)務，調動社會投資特別是民間資本積極性，促進市場主體多元化。五是要轉變政府職能，進一步簡政放權，加強電力統(tǒng)籌規(guī)劃。

　　業(yè)內點評社會資本參與尚需細則和配套

　　王強認為，參與新電改的市場主體可以獲得諸多改革紅利。一是發(fā)電企業(yè)可以通過降低生產成本、提高生產效率的方式，增強競爭力，爭取更多的發(fā)電量和收入利潤；二是電網(wǎng)企業(yè)將改變傳統(tǒng)贏利模式，通過重新定位電網(wǎng)功能和電網(wǎng)收益機制，使得電網(wǎng)企業(yè)管理目標更加清晰，更加注重提高效率；三是允許各類資本進入售電領域和新增配電領域，將給這些資本帶來新的潛在盈利機會；四是通過競爭機制的建立激發(fā)電網(wǎng)企業(yè)降本增效，充分保障用戶的權益；五是電力用戶用電更加便利，工業(yè)和商業(yè)電力用戶擁有自主選擇權，將增強市場中的議價能力，帶動供電服務質量的改善，用戶權益可以得到更好保障。

　　不過要讓參與改革的市場主體獲得紅利也并不是一件容易的事。華北電力大學教授曾鳴認為，如何構建售電環(huán)節(jié)市場是決定新電改能否成功的關鍵，否則很有可能只管住了中間，兩頭的放開則遲遲實現(xiàn)不了，這樣的話新電改很有可能就像十三年前的那一輪電改一樣陷入停滯。有業(yè)內人士指出，新電改方案在向市場開放的過程中強調“有序”，這表明這一輪的電力行業(yè)改革與十三年前相比是審慎的漸進式的，并不是一味分拆、一放了之，但是目前來看，新電改方案還是一個比較大的框架，各種市場主體尤其是社會資本要參與其中還需要進一步的細則和配套方案，而要想獲得紅利，則需要各方面尤其是被觸動了奶酪的電網(wǎng)公司認真執(zhí)行新電改方案。

　　實際上,鋒速達濕簾冷風機得到了客戶好評，按照行業(yè)的自然壟斷屬性由強到弱來排列，依次應該為石油、電力、電信。石油行業(yè)從上游的勘探開采，到中間環(huán)節(jié)的管道運輸和煉化，再到下游的加油站，中石油和中石化兩家?guī)缀醢�辦了全產業(yè)鏈，不過中石化從去年起通過大

　　刀闊斧的自我改革，開始在下游的加油站業(yè)務引入社會資本進行混合所有制改革。電信行業(yè)也從原來的移動、聯(lián)通、電信三家包辦逐步發(fā)展到現(xiàn)在擁有負責網(wǎng)絡設施的鐵塔公司，以及下游負責整合轉銷的虛擬運營商。從某種意義上說，售電環(huán)節(jié)放開后將催生出的售電公司就類似于電信行業(yè)的虛擬運營商，將給用電者提供更加多樣往往也更加實惠的用電套餐。當然現(xiàn)在虛擬運營商處于半死不活的生存狀態(tài)，也讓外界對于市場主體能否真正從售電環(huán)節(jié)獲得改革紅利存有疑問。

　　□影響

　　工商業(yè)電價或下降 居民電價影響不大

　　新電改方案雖然還是個大框架，但是方向確定后對上下游的影響已經(jīng)開始顯現(xiàn)。上周，股市當中的電力板塊整體上漲，其中數(shù)只電力股漲停。一些工商業(yè)者盤算著新電改施行之后用電成本下降企業(yè)會為此省下不少成本。

　　>>工商業(yè)用電

　　大工廠年省電費數(shù)百萬

　　老胡是浙江人，在北京朝陽區(qū)開了一家小飯館，已經(jīng)快十年了,鋒速達濕簾風機得到了客戶好評，他說沒有注意到新電改方案的事，就是手中拿著的桂冠電力股票最近半個月上漲超過了30%，后來上網(wǎng)看才知道這是沾了新電改概念的光，很多與電力相關的股票都在漲。

　　老胡說自己的飯館用電每度價格為1塊錢左右，用電成本還是很低的，夏天飯館會開空調，用的電會多一點，但是在經(jīng)營成本中也可以忽略不計。

　　對深圳一家生產液晶面板的工廠來說，新電改則可為其節(jié)省不少成本。該工廠運營高管說，新電改后工業(yè)用電如果降價，那么對這個行業(yè)的影響還是很大的。據(jù)其介紹，深圳這邊已經(jīng)開始了電改試點，說是工業(yè)用電每度會降低1分多錢，粗略估算他供職的這家工廠一年在電費上能省下300萬元左右，而且按照新電改方案的精神，如果跟電廠直接簽購電合同，電價還能便宜，還能省更多。該高管表示，雖然對年營收過億元的大工廠來說，幾百萬元的成本下降算不上什么，但是對深圳、東莞這些城市里小工廠來說，能夠省個十來萬的電費，很多工人的工資就出來了。

　　>>居民

　　用電價格目前維持不變

　　在事業(yè)單位工作的劉女士也對新電改后的電價很關心。她說，從日常媒體的報道來看，電力行業(yè)又被稱為“電老大”，是個壟斷行業(yè)，新電改如果能讓居民用電價格有所下降，那就再好不過了。

　　實際上，在終端電價這一市場，分為工商業(yè)電價和居民電價兩部分，前者電價貴、利潤高并且占全社會用電量的八成，后者與居民生活息息相關，由政府定價，電價相對便宜。

　　有業(yè)內人士指出，新電改之后隨著售電環(huán)節(jié)市場主體增加，利潤較高的工商業(yè)電價可能會下降，當然每度電的下降幅度可能只是幾厘，但勢必會降低工商業(yè)用戶的成本，提高企業(yè)的利潤。而居民電價部分一直靠政府補貼以及企業(yè)虧損來壓低價格，企業(yè)雖有漲價的沖動，但是新電改方案已經(jīng)明確將會保證居民、農業(yè)、重要公用事業(yè)和公益性服務等用電價格相對平穩(wěn)，切實保障民生。所以居民用電價格目前將維持不變，當然從長期來看，按照節(jié)能減排的大要求，居民用電價格存在上漲的預期。

　　>>電網(wǎng)公司

　　或將從盈利單位變身公用

　　除此之外，受新電改方案沖擊最大的無疑是電網(wǎng)公司。根據(jù)新電改方案的表述，“電網(wǎng)企業(yè)不再以上網(wǎng)和銷售電價價差作為主要收入來源，而是按照政府核定的輸配電價收取過網(wǎng)費”，“規(guī)范電網(wǎng)企業(yè)投資和資產管理行為”。

　　中國經(jīng)濟學會理事劉滿平指出，這相當于明確界定了電網(wǎng)公司的渠道中介功能，電網(wǎng)公司將失去其本不該有的、非企業(yè)的、非市場的職能，其盈利模式將由之前盈利性單位變?yōu)楣�用事業(yè)單位。今后電網(wǎng)就是一高速公路，車流從哪里來到哪里去都不用管了，而是只負責收過路費，而且這個收費標準要由政府來定。另外現(xiàn)在電網(wǎng)公司還涉及了房地產、金融、傳媒等非主營行業(yè)的投資，今后這些也會受到規(guī)范、控制甚至被要求退出。

　　>>電網(wǎng)職工

　　已有“先知先覺”者離職創(chuàng)業(yè)

　　一位不愿具名的電網(wǎng)公司高層向記者表示，公司一直在積極配合推動電改工作，不存在電改會讓電網(wǎng)企業(yè)利益受損的事情。

　　不過北方區(qū)域電網(wǎng)公司一位處級中層干部告訴記者，自己在南方省市電網(wǎng)公司供職的老同學有少數(shù)離職創(chuàng)業(yè)，方向是利用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)大數(shù)據(jù)來提供智能供電解決方案，不過現(xiàn)在都沒有成行；還有一些接到了企業(yè)的邀請，也動了心思，那些企業(yè)做的都是跟地方供電局有關的業(yè)務生意。該處級干部表示，售電業(yè)務雖不會一下子放開，但是對一些熟悉該塊業(yè)務的人來說是個機會。

　　有業(yè)內人士指出，新電改方案中最大的亮點就是售電業(yè)務對外開放，大家關心的是哪些公司會首先拿到售電牌照。這中間有很多疑問待解，比如會開放到何種程度，電網(wǎng)公司的人或與電網(wǎng)公司相關的企業(yè)會不會“近水樓臺先得月”，如果那樣的話售電業(yè)務放開可能就會流于形式，甚至會出現(xiàn)利益勾連、滋生腐敗，讓那些“近水樓臺者”首先獲得了電力改革的紅利。記者祝劍禾

U.S. ends Boston bombing case with grisly photos - CNN.comBoston (CNN)Martin Richard, an 8-year-boy who once urged people in a school project to "stop hurting each other," was literally blown apart by a homemade bomb as he watched the 2013 Boston Marathon with his family, jurors heard Monday.Federal prosecutors rested their case with grisly testimony about how the bomb Dzhokar Tsarnaev placed near the marathon's finish line tore through the bodies of victims,Martin Richard and Lingzi Lu, a 23-year-old grad student. A second bomb placed by Tsarnaev's brother, Tamerlan, killed Krystle Campbell, a 29-year-old restaurant manager. Tamerlan Tsarnaev was killed in a gun battle with police three days after the bombing.On Monday, Martin's shredded, blood-stained clothes were displayed in court.Henry Neilds, Boston's chief medical examiner, said no part of the boy's 69-pound body was left untouched by the blast, which severed his spinal cord and tore through his abdominal aorta, causing him to bleed to death in minutes.Just WatchedRemembering 8-year-old bombing victimreplayMore Videos ...Remembering 8-year-old bombing victim 03:20PLAY VIDEOAll of those injuries were likely to result in death. But perhaps the most serious was his severed abdominal aorta. It is a major blood vessel and he bled to death in minutes, said Neilds, who performed Martin Richard's autopsy.Several jurors cried openly in court, and the boy's parents sat silently in the audience. Bill Richard lowered his head and held his wife, Denise, close during the graphic testimony and gruesome photographs.In his own testimony, Bill Richard had been unable to find the words to describe what he saw when he rushed to his son's side after the bomb went off:"I saw a little boy who had his body severely damaged by an explosion," Bill Richard told jurors earlier in the trial. "This is difficult," he added, pausing to take a breath. "I just knew from what I saw that there was no chance. The color of his skin, and so on."Neilds gave an official account of the wounds the boy's father found so hard to describe:He said the bomb severed Martin's spinal cord; severed and exposed his lower intestines; ruptured his stomach; nicked or tore his liver, left kidney and adrenal gland; tore off his left arm at the forearm; snapped a bone in his right left; fractured and exposed his ribs; and bruised a lung.Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosPhotos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosDeadly attack at Boston Marathon – An injured man is loaded into an ambulance after two bombs went off near the finish line of the Boston Marathon on April 15, 2013. Three people were killed and at least 264 were injured.Hide Caption 1 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosA man comforts a victim on the sidewalk at the scene of the first explosion.Hide Caption 2 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosThe second explosion goes off near the finish line.Hide Caption 3 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosThe first explosion knocked down 78-year-old runner Bill Iffrig at the finish line. He got up a few minutes later and finished the race.Hide Caption 4 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosA runner embraces another woman on the marathon route near Kenmore Square.Hide Caption 5 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosFormer New England Patriots offensive lineman Joe Andruzzi carries a woman from the scene.Hide Caption 6 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosA victim of the first explosion is helped on the sidewalk of Boylston Street.Hide Caption 7 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosAn injured person is taken away from the scene in a wheelchair.Hide Caption 8 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosA woman kneels and prays at near the finish line.Hide Caption 9 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosPeople run down Exeter Street after the blasts.Hide Caption 10 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosThe explosions occurred around 2:45 p.m., about an hour after the first of the race's nearly 27,000 runners had crossed the finish line.Hide Caption 11 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosVictims lie on the ground at the scene of the first explosion.Hide Caption 12 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosA couple runs from the scene pushing a stroller.Hide Caption 13 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosA runner reacts near Kenmore Square after the explosions.Hide Caption 14 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosA man's blood-stained feet hang outside an ambulance.Hide Caption 15 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosA bystander who was injured in the first explosion is wheeled across the finish line while receiving medical attention from rescue workers.Hide Caption 16 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosCarlos Arredondo was at the race handing out American flags to spectators. After the blasts, he helped emergency responders and is credited with helping a man survive serious leg wounds.Hide Caption 17 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosThe second explosion goes off near the finish line.Hide Caption 18 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosPolice look at blown-out windows. The bombs shook buildings, witnesses said, sending people to seek shelter under tables.Hide Caption 19 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosUnclaimed runners' bags fill an area near the marathon finish.Hide Caption 20 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosWomen desperate to hear from loved ones are unable to get close to the site of the attack.Hide Caption 21 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosPolice and runners stand near Kenmore Square after the attack.Hide Caption 22 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosRunners gather near Kenmore Square after the explosions.Hide Caption 23 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosAn EMT worker is transferred to an ambulance outside a medical tent in Copley Square.Hide Caption 24 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosA SWAT team arrives on the scene.Hide Caption 25 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosA runner sits near Kenmore Square after the attack.Hide Caption 26 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosRunners who had not yet finished the race are stopped after the explosions.Hide Caption 27 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosVictims are helped at the scene of the first explosion.Hide Caption 28 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosA man in tears is helped at the scene on Boylston Street.Hide Caption 29 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosPassersby put pressure on a victim's leg to try to stop the bleeding.Hide Caption 30 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosMassachusetts State Police guard an area near Kenmore Square.Hide Caption 31 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosBystanders embrace near the finish line.Hide Caption 32 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosPolice officers gather on Newbury Street.Hide Caption 33 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosWomen and children are escorted away from the scene.Hide Caption 34 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosBomb squad officials check a possible suspicious device near the scene of the blasts.Hide Caption 35 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosA woman is comforted after the blasts.Hide Caption 36 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosTwo injured women are taken away on stretchers. Hide Caption 37 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosAn injured woman is loaded into an ambulance.Hide Caption 38 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosFirst responders load injured people into an ambulance.Hide Caption 39 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosAn injured man is prepared to be moved from a stretcher to an ambulance.Hide Caption 40 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosAn injured woman is placed on a stretcher. Hide Caption 41 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosA runner is comforted following the attack.Hide Caption 42 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosThe Cambridge Police Department's bomb squad investigates unattended personal items left behind after the explosions.Hide Caption 43 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosBystanders check their mobile devices for news of the explosions.Hide Caption 44 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosA member of the bomb squad investigates a suspicious item on the road near Kenmore Square.Hide Caption 45 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosA runner in a wheelchair is taken from a triage tent after the explosions went off.Hide Caption 46 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosPeople comfort each near the site of the blasts.Hide Caption 47 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosRacers and race officials stand by after the explosions.Hide Caption 48 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosEmergency personnel respond to the scene.Hide Caption 49 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosPolice and emergency crews tend to victims.Hide Caption 50 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosAn injured woman is carried away on a stretcher.Hide Caption 51 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosA man lies on the ground after the incident.Hide Caption 52 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosOfficials watch as the first explosion goes off on Boylston Street.Hide Caption 53 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosSpectators leave the bleachers after the explosions.Hide Caption 54 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosPolice inspect one of the blast sites.Hide Caption 55 of 55EXPAND GALLERYMartin had third-degree burns on his back, buttock and left calf. In addition, his body was covered with scrapes, bruises and perforations from blast debris.Assistant U.S. Attorney Nadine Pellegrini's last question for the government's 91st and final witness was this: "How old was Martin Richards?""He was 8 years old," Neilds said.And then the government rested.Bodies riddled with injuries Earlier Monday, a deputy from Neilds' office described the injuries to Lingzi Lu. Katherine Lindstrom, who performed Lu's autopsy, said her thighs were perforated by debris spewed from the blast. Lindstrom said she found two shards of metal in Lu's legs, and a third, larger piece that slashed into her leather purse.Metal and other debris, including pellets and small nails, were embedded in Lu's body. The gashes were "perforating," meaning they went completely though, Lindstrom said.The skin from Lu's left thigh was torn away, and the femoral artery and vein were severed, causing her to bleed to death on the sidewalk "relatively quickly, from seconds to minutes."Just WatchedMany remember Boston victim Lingzi LureplayMore Videos ...Many remember Boston victim Lingzi Lu 02:42PLAY VIDEOLindstrom was shown a series of graphic photos, and described the injuries she saw as "gaping," "slashes" and "cavities in the muscle.""In her left thigh you see a large tear through her skin and muscle. It leaves a large hole that goes completely through her thigh."Last week, jurors heard from Jennifer Hammers, who performed the autopsy on Campbell. Hammers said Campbell's death was a homicide caused by blast injuries to the legs and torso. She said it probably took less than a minute for Campbell to bleed to death on the sidewalk. Several jurors cried and others appeared upset on Thursday as they were shown graphic photos of Campbell, who was standing in front of Marathon Sports on Boylston Street near the finish line when the bomb placed by Tamerlan Tsarnaev exploded.Photos and security surveillance videos introduced during the trial show Dzhokhar Tsarnaev sliding a backpack containing a pressure cooker bomb off his shoulder near the Forum restaurant, a block away. That explosion, 12 seconds after the first, killed Martin and Lu.Hammers went on to explain how the homemade bombs maim and kill and to provide the gruesome details of the damage done to Campbell's body. The initial injuries came as a result of a shock wave from the blast: Campbell's tongue was bruised from being forced against her teeth, the femur of her left leg snapped and the bones in her left foot were crushed. "The seams of her blue jeans were pressed into her body with such force, they caused bruising," Hammers said. Other injuries were caused by bomb materials and debris sent flying through the air. Campbell's hair was singed, the skin on the back of her neck was abraded, and she had a large third-degree burn on her back. The top of her right arm was burned.She had "big, gaping holes in her legs," Hammers said. The gashes were as large as 10 inches. A pellet the size of a BB was embedded in her ear, and other BBs and metal fragments were found in wounds that penetrated her muscles. BBs also riddled her clothes. "Miss Campbell passed away because she lost a significant amount of blood in a short period of time," Hammers said.Just WatchedRemembering Krystle Campbell replayMore Videos ...Remembering Krystle Campbell 02:09PLAY VIDEOBeyond the clinical details of what happened to Campbell's body, jurors also have heard from a friend, who described what must have been the last minute of Campbell's life.Karen Rand McWatters, whose leg was so mangled it had to be amputated, dragged herself to Campbell's side: "I got as close as I could to her. There was so much chaos and so much screaming. For some reason, I got close to her head, and we put our faces together. I never really looked at Krystle's injuries. She very slowly said her legs hurt and we held hands. Very shortly after, her hand went limp and we never spoke again."Prosecutors say the disturbing evidence is needed to prove several of the counts against Tsarnaev: using a weapon of mass destruction, bombing a public place and malicious destruction of property resulting in death. Monday is the 15th day of testimony in the trial, which opened March 4 after lengthy jury selection.Two phases of the trial Jurors first will be asked to determine, perhaps by as early as the end of this week, whether Tsarnaev is guilty of 30 counts. Because 17 of those counts carry the death penalty as a possible punishment, a second phase of the trial will follow if the jury convicts him.In the penalty phase, jurors will be asked to weigh aggravating factors, such as the heinousness of the crime, against mitigating factors, such as Tsarnaev's family history and his youth. He was 19 at the time of the bombings. The defense, which now takes over, has argued that Tsarnaev, known to friends as Jahar, fell under the sway of his more extremist older brother after their parents moved back to Russia. Jahar Tsarnaev was flunking out of the University of Massachusetts and had lost his financial aid at the time of the bombings. Prosecutors William Weinreb, Aloke Chakravarty, Nadine Pellegrini and Steve Mellin presented more than 90 witnesses who told the story of Tsarnaev's alleged scheme with his brother, Tamerlan, to build and detonate pressure cooker bombs as an act of jihad. The Russian-born brothers, Muslims of Chechen descent, allegedly sought to kill Americans at an iconic public event to retaliate against U.S. policies they believed harmed and oppressed Muslims abroad.Prosecutors delved into Tsarnaev's text messages and Twitter posts and showed jurors militant material found in his laptop, phone and iPod. They included writings available online from top leaders of al Qaeda. They used data mined from a GPS device and store receipts to trace the purchase of the pressure cookers, BBs and ammunition. Jurors saw photos of pressure cooker parts, fuses, Christmas lights and other bombmaking materials found in the Tsarnaev family's Cambridge apartment, where Tamerlan lived with his wife and child.And they showed security surveillance videos of the brothers in the crowd near the finish line: In one, Dzhokhar Tsarnaev can be seen blending in with the crowd behind the Richard family for four minutes. He appears to slide a backpack off his shoulder near a tree and walk off, glancing over his shoulder. He broke into a run as the bomb went off.Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosBoston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosAuthorities are releasing evidence in the trial of accused Boston Marathon bomber Dzhokhar Tsarnaev. Be warned: Some of the images in this gallery are graphic. Here, Tsarnaev poses in front of a black standard adopted by various militant Islamist groups in an Instagram photo entered as court evidence.Hide Caption 1 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosProsecutors say Tsarnaev was a self-radicalized jihadist who pored over militant writings, including the article "How to Build a Bomb in the Kitchen of Your Mom." It was found on his laptop and other devices, part of a full-edition download of Inspire magazine, a glossy English-language propaganda tool put out by al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula.Hide Caption 2 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosThis Russian manual on how to fire a handgun was found in the apartment where Tsarnaev's brother, Tamerlan, lived. Tamerlan Tsarnaev was killed in a shootout with police in Watertown, Massachusetts, on April 19, 2013.Hide Caption 3 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosThis copy of The Sovereign, which calls itself the "newspaper of the resistance," was also found in Tamerlan Tsarnaev's apartment.Hide Caption 4 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosPictured here is a box of bullets found on a street after the shootout in Watertown. The brothers' fingerprints were on the box, prosecutors said.Hide Caption 5 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosA pressure cooker was embedded in the side of a resident's Honda during the Watertown shootout.Hide Caption 6 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosPhotos of the Watertown shootout were entered into evidence. Neighbors came to their windows and then retreated. One grabbed his infant son and headed toward the back of his house with his wife. Another grabbed a camera and took photographs from an upstairs window.Hide Caption 7 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosThe Tsarnaevs had carjacked a Mercedes SUV in Watertown before the shootout. The vehicle was covered in bulletholes, and the rear window was shattered.Hide Caption 8 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosThis unexploded pipe bomb was found at the scene of the shootout between police and the Tsarnaev brothers in Watertown.Hide Caption 9 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosProsecutors said these boards were attached to the boat where police found Dzhokhar Tsarnaev hiding. A carved message reads, "Stop killing our innocent people and we will stop."Hide Caption 10 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosSmashed phones and an ATM card owned by carjacking victim Dun Meng were in the yard where Dzhokhar Tsarnaev was found.Hide Caption 11 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosProsecutors say this surveillance image shows Tsarnaev visiting an ATM hours before a police chase and chaotic shootout in which more than 200 rounds were fired.Hide Caption 12 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosAnother view of Tsarnaev's visit to the ATM.Hide Caption 13 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosExhibits related to the shooting death of MIT Officer Sean Collier were introduced to the jury on Wednesday, March 11. This image from the crime scene appears to show a bloody gun.Hide Caption 14 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosThis burned tank top and yellow hoodie belonged to bombing survivor Jessica Kensky.Hide Caption 15 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosProsecutors say this Fox Racing logo was from one of the backpacks containing a bomb.Hide Caption 16 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosProsecutors say this still image from surveillance video shows Tsarnaev in the UMass Dartmouth gym the day after the bombings.Hide Caption 17 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosProsecutors showed the jury photos of what they say are Tsarnaev's writings inside the boat he was captured in.Hide Caption 18 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosThis image is from a surveillance camera outside the Forum restaurant in Boston's Copley Square just after the bombing.Hide Caption 19 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosProsecutors presented two Twitter accounts linked to Tsarnaev that, they said, showed targeting the marathon had been on his mind for at least a year. One account, @J_tsar, contained 1,100 tweets and was the more mainstream of the two. On the day of the 2012 Boston Marathon, a tweet from the account read, "They will spend their money & they will regret it & they will be defeated."Hide Caption 20 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosProsecutors said the second Twitter account is evidence that Tsarnaev led a double life. By day, he was a slacker college sophomore. By night, he was a wannabe jihadist, posting on the account @Al_firdausiA. In one tweet, he urged people to listen to radical cleric Anwar al-Awlaki's lectures. "You will gain an unbelievable amount of knowledge," he said in March 2013, just weeks before the bombings. Prosecutors also allege in an indictment that Tsarnaev downloaded al-Awlaki's writings, calling him a "well-known al Qaeda propagandist." Al-Awlaki had been killed in a U.S. drone strike in 2011.Hide Caption 21 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosA Boston Marathon bombing victim is tended to in the street.Hide Caption 22 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosVictims at the finish line just after the bombing.Hide Caption 23 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosEight-year-old Martin Richard, the youngest victim, can be seen standing on the rail in the front row.Hide Caption 24 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosA closer view of 8-year-old Martin Richard in the crowd before the bombing.Hide Caption 25 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosBoston police tend to a wounded child. CNN has chosen not to show the young victim's face.Hide Caption 26 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosMayhem along Boylston Street.Hide Caption 27 of 27EXPAND GALLERYAfter the surveillance photos were released to the public three days after the bombing, the brothers allegedly embarked on a desperate -- and deadly -- attempt to escape. Jurors heard from carjacking victim Dun Meng and saw the brothers on convenience store surveillance video shortly before Meng's escape. He can be seen jumping out of his leased Mercedes SUV at a gas pump and running across the screen as Dzhokhar Tsarnaev casually strolls through the store, picking up an armload of snacks. Prosecutors also used ballistic evidence to link the brothers to the shooting of a campus cop at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a gunbattle with police in Watertown. Tamerlan Tsarnaev, 26, died as a result of that gunbattle. The defendant, allegedly attempting to run down police, instead ran over his brother in the stolen Mercedes.Jurors also viewed a boat in which Dzhokhar Tsarnaev sought refuge during the ensuing manhunt, which put Boston under a "shelter in place" lockdown. He used a pencil to scrawl what prosecutors called his "manifesto" on the sides of the boat. It was pocked with bullet holes and streaked with blood. He wrote he was jealous that his brother had achieved paradise by dying like a holy warrior in the gunbattle with police. He asked God to make him a martyr, too. His justification for his actions echoed themes of the militant material on his laptop:"The U.S. Government is killing our innocent civilians but most of you already know that," he wrote. "Know you are fighting men who look into the barrel of your gun and see heaven, now how can you compete with that. We are promised victory and we will surely get it."He wrote that he couldn't stand to see the U.S. government "go unpunished" for killing Muslims. "We Muslims are one body, you hurt one you hurt us all."He ended with: "Now I don't like killing innocent people it is forbidden in Islam but due to said" -- the word was lost to a bullet hole -- "it is allowed."Tsarnaev has pleaded not guilty, although his attorneys do not dispute that he participated in the bombings. Lead defense attorney Judy Clarke asked jurors in her opening statement to keep their minds open to an alternative explanation.The challenge for the defense will be to present a case that can somehow soften the harsh, unforgettable images jurors saw of ordinary people meeting a horrific end.CNN's Alexandra Field and Aaron Cooper contributed to this report.
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